How a Sense of Collective Efficacy Influences Teacher Learning during Change: The Role of Academic Optimism and Shared Vision

Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold. First, this study reflects on the development of professional capital through understanding collective cultural factors, namely, academic optimism and shared vision. Second, it aims at exploring teacher learning. Teacher learning resulting in changes to teacher knowledge, attitudes and practices is crucial for the necessary changes education is continually confronted with. This learning is too often studied as a result of individual traits or structural factors, such as motivation or time. The authors investigated how teacher learning is influenced by academic optimism and shared vision. Design/methodology/approach: The authors administered an online web-based survey to 278 teachers in higher education, using the educational change to online learning due to the COVID pandemic as a unique chance to study the role of collective cultural factors in teacher learning. Findings: Results showed how teachers characterized their learning, academic optimism and shared vision during the educational change to online learning resulting from the COVID pandemic. The authors found that teacher learning was greatly influenced by teachers' collective sense of efficacy, an aspect of their academic optimism. Teachers' strong belief in each other, that they as fellow professionals could handle the challenging changes that the COVID pandemic required, strongly enhanced teacher learning during the COVID pandemic. Teachers' feeling of a professional community helped teacher to make sense of, and push through, the undeniable chaos that was the COVID pandemic. Originality/value: Collective cultural factors are rarely studied in conjunction with educational change. Insights into how a collective culture of professionalism enhances or hinders teacher learning are important for theory, policy and practice as it helps understand how teacher teams can be supported to build their professional capital by learning from educational change.

How Has the Pandemic Affected Social Values? From the Perspective of Preservice Teachers, Is It Erosion or Gain?

This research aims to examine from the perspective of pre-service teachers how values, which have a great function in ensuring social order and welfare, maintaining healthy interpersonal relations, adapting the behaviour of the individual with the expectations of social life, and preventing possible social problems, are affected by the pandemic process.The research was carried out using phenomenology method, which is a qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of twenty-five pre-service teachers. While determining the study group, easily accessible sampling method was used. In the research, a questionnaire containing four open questions developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research, it was determined that the pandemic positively affected some values such as altruism, benevolence, solidarity, gratitude, resignation, cleanliness, giving importance to being healthy, and negatively affected some values such as hospitality, freedom, equality, kindness, perseverance, and aesthetics. On the other hand, it is seen that some values such as patience, solidarity, savings and being scientific take their place among the values that both erode and gain from due to the differences in the perspective of pre-service teachers towards life. In addition, it was concluded that the pre-service teachers have a concern that the eroded values will force humanity to face problems such as various health problems, an asocial life, emotional deprivation, depression, digital addiction, selfishness, unemployment, anxiety, and impoliteness in the future.

Intentions of companies for health-promoting telework after the COVID-19 lockdown 2020

Background: Companies had to find quick solutions for continuing to work due to the pandemic in spring 2020. However, working conditions at home (teleworking) do not always comply with the basic principles and quality criteria of workplace health promotion (WHP). Objectives: How strongly is the approach of health-promoting telework (working at home) established in companies and what influences the strategic anchoring and the use of supporting materials? Materials and methods: Theoretically derived hypotheses were operationalised and 1858 Austrian companies were invited to participate in an online survey. The sample (n = 192) represents a broad mix of company sizes, sectors and regions. Results: Workplaces vary widely in their intention to implement health-promoting telework in the future. A part can be explained by multivariate path models, with behavioural control and social norms playing a central role. The former is determined by the degree of preparation for telework and its implementation in the company. In particular, teleworking culture, in addition to teleworking readiness, is shown to be responsible for the strength of social norms towards its implementation. Conclusions: Teleworking has so far received too little attention in the sense of holistic WHP. Such an implementation strongly depends on the health-promoting corporate structures and processes, the culture, and the decision-makers' scope for action. Companies are recommended to follow the concept of capacity building in order to build up competencies and knowledge and to enable appropriate measures.

« Gardez le vaccin au Sud » : mieux comprendre l'hésitation à la vaccination contre la COVID-19 au Nunavik

The COVID‑19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases, but also the issues related to vaccine acceptance among individuals and groups targeted by vaccination programs. The concept of vaccine hesitancy is now commonly used in public health spheres to refer to the fact that a portion of the population has significant doubts and concerns about vaccines that can lead to a vaccine refusal or delay. Most research on vaccine hesitancy focuses on individual knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, life trajectories and experiences. However, the focus on individual determinants of vaccine hesitancy can lessen the importance of broader structural and socio-cultural influences on attitudes and decisions about immunization. Based on interviews conducted in Nunavik, this article proposes to explore how organizational and historical factors, social norms, and shared values and beliefs about the etiology of COVID‑19 and the efficacy and usefulness of vaccines to prevent the virus, influence COVID‑19 vaccine hesitancy in Inuit communities.Alternate :La pandemia de la COVID‑19 evidenció la importancia de la vacunación para prevenir las enfermedades infecciosas, pero también los retos ligados a la aceptación de las vacunas entre individuos o grupos específicos. El concepto de desconfianza en la vacunación se volvió de uso común en la salud pública para referirse al hecho de que una parte de la población tiene temores importantes relacionados con la vacunación;temores que pueden llevar al rechazo o postergar la vacunación. La importancia de los conocimientos, creencias, valores, actitudes, trayectorias de vida y experiencias individuales en las investigaciones sobre la vacunación a veces puede ocultar la importancia de influencias estructurales y socioculturales más amplias sobre las actitudes y decisiones con respecto a la vacunación. A partir de entrevistas realizadas en Nunavik, este artículo se propone explorar cómo los factores organizacionales e históricos, las normas sociales, los valores y las creencias compartidas respecto a la etiología de la COVID‑19 y sobre la efectividad y el poder de las vacunas en la prevención, influyen sobre la desconfianza en la vacunación contra la COVID‑19 en las comunidades inuit.Alternate :La pandémie de la COVID‑19 a mis en évidence l'importance de la vaccination pour prévenir des maladies infectieuses, mais également les enjeux liés à l'acceptation des vaccins par les individus et groupes ciblés par les programmes. Le concept d'hésitation à la vaccination est désormais couramment utilisé en santé publique pour référer au fait qu'une partie de la population entretient des craintes importantes par rapport à la vaccination ;craintes qui peuvent mener à refuser ou à retarder la vaccination. L'accent important mis sur les connaissances, les croyances, les valeurs, les attitudes, les trajectoires de vie et les expériences individuelles dans les recherches sur la vaccination peut toutefois occulter l'importance des influences structurelles et socioculturelles plus larges sur les attitudes et décisions à l'égard de la vaccination. À partir d'entretiens menés au Nunavik, cet article propose donc d'explorer comment les facteurs organisationnels et historiques, les normes sociales, les valeurs et les croyances partagées à propos de l'étiologie de la COVID‑19 et à propos de l'efficacité et de la puissance des vaccins pour la prévenir, influent sur l'hésitation à la vaccination contre la COVID‑19 dans des communautés inuit.

Using social distancing technology in hotels: A social exchange perspective

Purpose: As social distancing procedures can be facilitated by various hotel technologies, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which consumers develop perceptions of value regarding the use of certain hotel technologies for social distancing in hotels. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing from the social exchange theory, this study conceptualized the benefits of using technologies for social distancing, health risks, social rewards and privacy concerns as antecedents of value of using technologies for social distancing in hotels. The structural model was validated by using data from more than 1,000 nationwide US consumers. Findings: Benefits and consumers' privacy concerns of using technologies for social distancing in hotels were the strongest predictors of value. Social rewards also had a significant but relatively lower effect on value. Health risks was found to have no influence on value. Originality/value: The study is the first to examine the role of technologies in mitigating the effects of coronavirus. Thus, it extends the information technology and hospitality literature by examining the role of these technologies in safeguarding individual and public health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Doctors' professional ethics in the perspective of marx's "industrial pathology”

In Das Kapital, Marx cited the Public Health Report of Dr. Simon, the promoter of the British public health reform? and developed Marx's "industrial pathology", which not only directly demonstrated the oppression and exploitation of capitalism on the working class, but also indirectly raised expectations and construction of doctors' professional ethics and social values. Marx believed that the doctors should have professional, fair and resolute ethic, and only by placing their value in the working people and putting the health and interests of the people first, can they better save the dying, heal the wounded, and play a greater role of value and advantage. Reviewing the professional ethics and social values of doctors from the perspective of Marx's "industrial pathology" not only enlightens people on how to better respond to the COVID-19, but also has important reference significance for the construction of contemporary medical ethics. © 2023, Editorial department of Chinese Medical Ethics. All rights reserved.

Cross-Border Cooperation Health in Ireland//A RESPONSE

Providing healthcare services commands the largest allocation of public funding on both sides of the Irish border and concerns over the efficiency and effectiveness of these systems are perennial. Over the past two decades health has been identified as a key area for cross-border collaboration. However, in the absence of an overarching framework or strategy, there is little clarity about objectives. Using the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study it demonstrates that even in the face of an existential crisis, political leaders default to debates over culture and identity. The paper sets out how the healthcare systems in the two jurisdictions share similar core principles and values and face similar social, economic and political pressures. They have adopted broadly comparable approaches to tackling systemic issues, such as an ageing and growing population, evolving healthcare needs, workforce planning and financial pressures. It argues that there is potential for greater cross-border cooperation but this requires high-level political agreement and must be based on robust evidence. As this paper shows, there are significant barriers to developing all-island approaches, but these are not insurmountable.

Masking morality in the making: how China's anti-epidemic promotional videos present facemask as a techno-moral mediator

The spread of Covid-19 has made facemask a critical artifact for people all over the world. Mediating between (non-)wearers and their environment, facemask makes people aware of a set of morally relevant distinctions and sometimes forces decisions on them. In fact, the semiotics of "facemask in use” largely shapes the parameters for human practice and experience in the epidemic. Drawing on the techno-moral mediation concept [Verbeek, 2008. "Obstetric Ultrasound and the Technological Mediation of Morality: A Postphenomenological Analysis.” Human Studies 31 (1): 11–26], we explore how anti-epidemic promotional videos released by Chinese authorities build facemask-related narratives in the Covid-19 epidemic. Findings reveal that "facemask in use” links people's "smaller love” for family to a "bigger love” for Chinese people in general;transforms an individual to member of a large group of commoner-turned-protectors;or marks the military's loyalty and obedience to the Party-State, which makes possible the "Chinese speed” in saving lives. We add to extant literature by unraveling an entanglement between the moralization of facemask-wearing and China's traditional values, social institutions and media newsroom culture about disaster coverage. This scrutiny into the "face-masking morality in the making” implies that the power to frame the cultural significance of facemask induces an alternative mode of techno-moral change, which may outlast the epidemic itself.

Doctors' professional ethics in the perspective of marx's "industrial pathology”

In Das Kapital, Marx cited the Public Health Report of Dr. Simon, the promoter of the British public health reform? and developed Marx's "industrial pathology", which not only directly demonstrated the oppression and exploitation of capitalism on the working class, but also indirectly raised expectations and construction of doctors' professional ethics and social values. Marx believed that the doctors should have professional, fair and resolute ethic, and only by placing their value in the working people and putting the health and interests of the people first, can they better save the dying, heal the wounded, and play a greater role of value and advantage. Reviewing the professional ethics and social values of doctors from the perspective of Marx's "industrial pathology" not only enlightens people on how to better respond to the COVID-19, but also has important reference significance for the construction of contemporary medical ethics. © 2023, Editorial department of Chinese Medical Ethics. All rights reserved.

Who is in the middle: Social class, core values, and identities in India

This article examines how middle-class identity is experienced and employed by traditional and neo-middle-class identifiers in India. The economically and socially heterogeneous middle-class identifiers vote similarly, but we know very little about what they want out of politics. We focus on the subjective experiences of middle-class identifiers, we theorize the expressive function of middle-class identities, and we examine the socially and personally focused core values of traditional middle-class identifiers and neo-middle aspirers. We introduce the "Class as Social Identity" scale and analyze qualitative interviews with strong middle-class identifiers (Study 1) and the 2006, 2012, and 2014 World Values Survey India segments (Study 2). The interviews show that upper middle class and lower middle class identifiers express similar socially focused values but different personally focused values. The WVS analyses show convergence of upper-middle-class and lower-middle-class identifiers on conservation and self-transcendence in line with dominant political narratives and divergence on materialism, hedonism, and stimulation in line with their rising differences in income and every-day life pressures. We discuss the significance of these findings for the understanding of the political function of middle-class identities in India in the context of heightened Hindu nationalism and recent socioeconomic challenges aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Winds of change due to global lockdowns: Refreshing digital social entrepreneurship research paradigm

Digital technologies have a significant potential for collaboration, designing, and implementing better business initiatives. COVID-19 global lockdowns have increased the emergence of the Digital Social Entrepreneurship (DSE) phenomenon, which has been key in responding to social needs using digital technologies. The DSE scholarly discussion has been limited to a few studies. Therefore, little is known about theoretical foundations that explain the intersection between digital, social, and entrepreneurship. Based on an integrative literature review and a thematic case study, this study theorizes the micro-foundations of digital-social value-creation and explores the flourishment of the DSE phenomenon during/after the global lockdowns. Our findings contribute to the literature by extending the DSE definition and identifying the fostering (micro, meso, and macro) conditions involved in the digital-social value-creation process. Several implications emerged from the DSE learning, adaptation, and co-creation strategies/practices. © 2023 Elsevier Inc.

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA: LITERATURE REVIEW

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a globally prevalent human rights issue that involves social determinants like norms, values, power relations, socioeconomic situations, etc. Key indicators include domestic violence, intimate partner violence, and harassment. This paper reviews the literature published in academic journals, government and NGO reports and mass media reports to understand the roots of GBV against women in India and the factors leading to its increased intensity during the COVID-19 pandemic. As GBV, with slight geographical variations, mostly remains unreported in India, the same pattern is reported by the available literature, thereby the total number of victims remains unrecorded. The COVID-19 preventive measures, such as quarantine and limited services, further enhanced the already persistent gender-based inequalities and also restricted possibilities for reporting. With limitations of the study, the paper is focused only on female-specific cases thereby leaving out the sections such as males, LGBTQ, and other categories outside of the scope of the study. Summing up, recommendations based on analysis are given for policy framing, legal advocacy, administrative accountability, and counselling purpose to ensure a holistic strategy and not a piecemeal approach with emphasis on making an attitudinal change to combat GBV. This paper concluding observation is that long-term structural changes in social attitudes and behaviours and treating women with equity are essential for eradicating gender-based violence. In all such endeavours, women's active participation is essential. Finally, women's active agency will ensure a positive and robust change in containing and eradicating gender-based violence.

Country brand and its contribution to sustainable development: Instilling social values and entrepreneurship

The world is becoming increasingly complex and concerned about the resources that compose it, the current COVID-19 pandemic shows that not only companies but also countries are involved in a competition at all levels to become a reference impacting on the 3 dimensions (economic, social and environmental). The purpose of this research was to analyze the main motivations of B-certified companies in Latin America. The methodology was qualitative under the grounded theory method, the unit of analysis was 183 companies under exclusion criteria such as: Belonging to the industries of education, tourism and hospitality, and support for entrepreneurship, belonging to only Latin American countries and having the B certification. The main findings were that responsible B companies develop a more inclusive, sustainable and environmentally friendly economy for the benefit of society, that they go beyond the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility. The conclusions show that these companies move away from traditional companies, as they combine social development and economic growth, positioning the countries that have these types of companies as benchmarks. © 2023,Revista de Ciencias Sociales. All Rights Reserved.

Marca país y su contribución al desarrollo sostenible: Inculcación de valores sociales y espíritu empresarial

El mundo cada vez es más complejo y preocupado por los recursos que la compone, la actual pandemia COVID-19 evidencia que no sólo las empresas sino también los países se ven envueltos en una competición a todos los niveles para convertirse en referencia impactando en las 3 dimensiones (económica, social y ambiental). El propósito de la presente investigación fue analizar las principales motivaciones que llevan las empresas con certificación B en América Latina. La metodología fue cualitativa bajo el método de teoría fundamentada, la unidad de análisis estuvo correspondida por 183 empresas bajo criterios de exclusión como: Pertenecer a las industrias de educación, turismo y hotelería, y apoyo a los emprendimientos, pertenecer a solo países de Latinoamérica y tener la certificación B. Los principales hallazgos fueron que las Empresas B responsables desarrollan una economía más inclusiva, sostenible y respetuosa con el medio ambiente en beneficio de la sociedad, que van más allá de la noción de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial. Las conclusiones evidencian que estas empresas se alejan de las empresas tradicionales, puesto que combinan el desarrollo social y el crecimiento económico posicionando a los países que tienen este tipo de empresas como referentes.Alternate :The world is becoming increasingly complex and concerned about the resources that compose it, the current COVID-19 pandemic shows that not only companies but also countries are involved in a competition at all levels to become a reference impacting on the 3 dimensions (economic, social and environmental). The purpose of this research was to analyze the main motivations of B-certified companies in Latin America. The methodology was qualitative under the grounded theory method, the unit of analysis was 183 companies under exclusion criteria such as: Belonging to the industries of education, tourism and hospitality, and support for entrepreneurship, belonging to only Latin American countries and having the B certification. The main findings were that responsible B companies develop a more inclusive, sustainable and environmentally friendly economy for the benefit of society, that they go beyond the notion of Corporate Social Responsibility. The conclusions show that these companies move away from traditional companies, as they combine social development and economic growth, positioning the countries that have these types of companies as benchmarks.

Barriers and Facilitators to Providing Assistive Technologies to Children with Disabilities in Afghanistan

Due to the impacts of the ongoing conflict, Afghanistan's child population is at high risk of being born with or acquiring a primary or secondary disability. According to a recent estimate, up to 17% of Afghanistan's children live with some form of disability. Assistive Technologies -- the systems, services and products that enhance the functioning of people with impairments -- are likely to be required by a large proportion of children with disabilities in Afghanistan. Afghanistan has signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which includes a commitment to provide assistive technologies equitably to all who need it. However, little action has been taken to meet this commitment, and there continues to be a vast gap between need and provision. This work presents the the barriers and facilitators to provision and provides recommendations to begin to close the gap.

Gender inequalities in Transylvania's largest peri-urban forest usage

Urban green spaces (public gardens, parks, urban and peri-urban forests) offer multiple-use opportunities and spaces for recreational activities and played a key role in supporting mental and physical health of dwellers during Covid-19 pandemic, being ones of few places where outdoor and social activities where allowed. This study was conducted in Bra.ov city (also known as Kronstadt, by its German name), the second largest metropolitan area of Romania and surrounded by a significant area of peri-urban forests in Transylvania. Bra.ov city own just 5.62 sqm of urban green space/inhabitant, one of the lowest in the country, so the presence of a large peri-urban forest area become very valuable for locals and tourists visiting the area. Due to its importance and because understanding visitors' expectations and perceptions is a key element to support decision-makers and ensure proper management of these forests, the Bra.ov's forests administrator (Kronstadt Local Public Forest District - RPLPK) decided to investigate how dwellers generally interact with the peri-urban forests and to identify opportunities for improving the capacity of forests in providing social and recreational services. Data were collected through the administration of CAWI (computer assisted web interview) to 314 respondents at beginning of 2021, at exactly one year distance after the pandemic lockdown was imposed all around the country. Analyzing the participants responses, a surprising fact become evident: the use of peri-urban forest is not gender equal, women being less able than men to access these green natural spaces and, therefore, to uptake the benefits provided by the peri-urban forests

SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SPREAD OF COVID-19 IN POLAND - DO MEMBERSHIP, TRUST, NORMS AND VALUES OR SHARED NARRATIVES MATTER?

The experience of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic can be a source of valuable information for public health authorities. As we have seen, the incidence is not evenly distributed in space, and the factors influencing it are not fully understood. Aspects of biological, demographic, economic, environmental, and political nature are considered, but it is believed that the social factor may be of critical importance. The density and intensity of social relations, general trust and trust in the authorities, norms and values - i.e., social capital - may have a key impact on the scale of infections. The research conducted so far on this subject does not provide clear conclusions, and the post-communist society, inferior in social capital, has hardly been analyzed. Using data for 73 subregions of Poland and performing regression analysis, we investigate how social capital explains the level of infection rate in the first three waves of the epidemic. The analysis results have shown that the factor of "political leaning" was strongly and negatively related to the infection rate in Poland. The research results indicate that, contrary to the previous studies, structural capital has the same positive effect on reducing the epidemic. However, relational social capital promotes more significant morbidity.

Progress undone by pandemic

The socioeconomically diverse group of individuals known as the middle class is situated between the top class and the lower class. Small and medium sized company owners, professionals, government employees, and skilled workers make up the majority of the middle class. These individuals share certain social traits and beliefs, such as a commitment to hard work, thriftiness, and personal responsibility. Nevertheless, the middle class has a wide range of cultural, social, and educational traits. Given the variety of the middle class, a single measure of their ability to buy things best describes them. Progressive economic growth has elevated a number of households into the middle class throughout time. A Pew Research Center analysis states that, on average, 54 million more individuals joined the middle class each year between 2011 and 2019. According to the research, the global middle class would consist of around 132 billion people in 2020, or 17.1% of the world's population. The middle class has significantly grown, particularly in emerging nations. However, the Covid-19 epidemic has halted the expansion of the middle class globally. The COVID-19 pandemic has also split the middle class, separating those who work in the public sector, receive government pensions, own small businesses, work for large corporations, or have retired from the private sector and have good future security plans. Those who work in industries like pharmaceutical, information technology, and healthcare, which are least affected by restrictions and lockdowns, are also affected. These two segments of the middle class, government employees with advanced degrees who can work from home and make a living and blue collar workers who are unable to do so are currently going through separate stages of life.

The impact of pandemic on bancakan salak cultural tourism

This second-term research examined the dynamics of Bancakan Salak cultural tourism after being hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. Knowing how the tourism strategy was implemented in the times of pandemic and what were the tips to be able to survive in this limited condition were two interesting things this article studied. Like many other tourist attractions, Bancakan Salak cultural tourism was also affected by the pandemic. Yet, as previous research has concluded, Galengdowo's local society had three essential traditional values reflected in Bancakan Salak cultural tourism that helped them to get through this situation. These three values were collectivism, gratitude, and almsgiving. These three values also created further key concepts in responding to the pandemic, the importance of resilience, and innovation. Using qualitative method (in-depth interview) combined with the observation participatory method, and also ABCD (asset-based community development), this article highlighted the crucial role of human basic needs resilience and socio-cultural resilience. Because in the era of globalization nowadays, connectivity had proven could be substituted by collectivism, gratitude, almsgiving, and other traditional values that hold tight the element of togetherness. This article also highlighted the role played by cultural assets and personal assets to build villages' capacity. In the end, Bancakan Salak and its tourism industry in Galengdowo was hit by the pandemic and Galengdowo's local society responded with resilience and innovation.

Possible Challenges to the Welfare State in a Post-COVID-19 Society : An Illustration from a Citizen’s Perspective

The essay aims to clarify possible challenges to the welfare state in a post-COVID-19 society and to illustrate conceptual ideas on how to tackle those challenges from a citizen’s perspective. This is based on interdisciplinary studies, particularly the literature survey in English and Japanese. The direct and indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the global community have been examined from a broader perspective. The article clarifies that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are expected to be far larger and more complicated than those originally expected. The issues regarding possible challenges to the welfare state in a post-COVID-19 society are discussed in the three contexts of 1) the vulnerability approach, 2) governmental policy priority, and 3) social distancing in a civil society. Then, some ideas are illustrated from a citizen’s perspective. Through the discussion, it can be assumed that the government of each welfare state will make its best endeavors to respond to the requests of citizens but will face challenges that cannot be resolved easily with respect to the national budget, skilled human resources, technology, information, and so on. International cooperation among states would be of paramount importance to cope with a global issue like the COVID-19 pandemic. Another important aspect to bear in mind is that the future will be created by people in civil society embracing universal values and social ethics while maintaining a good relationship with the government. When facing inexperienced challenges, good citizenship in civil society would be a starting point because governments, parliaments, and courts cannot respond to sudden challenges. Individuals may take actions to express their ideas where the information technology of social networking services has developed.